GRE·94-4考題-（2）

　Defenders of special protective labor

　　legislation for women often maintain

　　that eliminating such laws would

　　destroy the fruits of a century-long

(5) struggle for the protection of women

　　workers. Even a brief examination of

　　the historic practice of courts and

　　employers would show that the fruit

　　of such laws has been bitter: they

(10) are , in practice, more of a curse

　　than a blessing.

　　　Sex-defined protective laws have

　　often been based on stereotypical

　　assumptions concerning women's needs

(15) and abilities, and employers have

　　frequently used them as legal excuses

　　for discriminating against women.

　　After the Second World War, for

　　example, businesses and government

(20) sought to persuade women to vacate

　　jobs in factories, thus making room

　　in the labor force for returning

　　veterans. The revival or passage of

　　state laws limiting the daily or weekly

(25) work hours of women conveniently

　　accomplished this. Employers had only

　　to declare that overtime hours were

　　a necessary condition of employment

　　or promotion in their factory, and

(30) women could be quite legally fired,

　　refused jobs, or kept at low wage

　　levels, all in the name of "protecting"

　　their health. By validating such laws

　　when they are challenged by lawsuits,

(35) the courts have colluded over the years

　　in establishing different, less advant-

　　ageous employment terms for women

　　than for men, thus reducing women's

　　competitiveness on the job market.

(40) At the same time, even the most well-

　　intentioned lawmakers, courts, and

　　employers have often been blind to

　　the real needs of women. The lawmakers

　　and the courts continue to permit

(45) employers to offer employee health

　　insurance plans that cover all known

　　human medical disabilities except

　　t

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